Overstaged Rectal Cancer by MRI due to Fibrosis Induced by Tattoo Marker

Endoscopic colorectal tattooing with carbon-based dyes is commonly employed in order to assist with later localization of the lesion. Although carbon is thought to be nontoxic, there usually is some inflammatory reaction with fibrosis and granuloma formation after tissue injection. The aim of this report is to alert to a possible underestimated, late consequence of colorectal carbon-based marker tattooing, namely pronounced fibrosis at the site of the injection that could lead to a blurring and misinterpretation of changes evaluated by radiological techniques. We describe a case of cT stage overestimation due to fibrosis of the rectal wall and perirectal fat, induced by carbon-based dye injection in a 66-year-old patient. In our case it was an overestimation of MR evaluation in the case of early invasive carcinoma. Although there have been some studies on tissue effect of carbon-based dyes, the possible scenario consequence of cancer stage overestimation due to fibrosis has not yet been described. Such a mistake could lead to inappropriate overtreatment. Clinicians must be aware of the possible consequences of dye injection and resultant overestimation of T stage of colorectal cancer. More histological studies concerning histological changes after carbon-based marker tattooing are needed to establish the extent of its significance

Zika Virus Disrupts Phospho-TBK1 Localization and Mitosis in Human Neuroepithelial Stem Cells and Radial Glia

Graphical Abstract Highlights d Derivation of human neocortical and spinal cord neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells d Zika virus (ZIKV) infects NES cells and radial glia, impairing mitosis and survival d ZIKV induces mitochondrial sequestration of centrosomal phospho-TBK1 d Nucleoside analogs inhibit ZIKV replication, protecting NES cells from cell death In Brief Onorati et al. establish neuroepithelial stem (NES) cells as a model for studying human neurodevelopment and ZIKV-induced microcephaly. Together with analyses in human brain slices and microcephalic human fetal tissue, they find that ZIKV predominantly infects NES and radial glial cells, reveal a pivotal role for pTBK1, and find that nucleoside analogs inhibit ZIKV replication, protecting NES cells from cell death

AUTHENTICATION SYSTEMS FOR PERSONAL USE

Diplomsko delo predstavlja pregled glavnih overitvenih pristopov za osebno uporabo. Najprej smo opisali osnovne koncepte overjanja ter obravnavali tri glavne načine overjanja: kaj nekdo ve, kaj nekdo je in kaj nekdo ima. Predstavili smo tudi prednosti in slabosti teh metod in raziskali, katera je najbolj primerna za osebno rabo. Posebej smo se osredotočili na prepoznavanje obrazov, kjer smo tudi opisali različne vrste algoritmov, ki jih sistemi uporabljajo. Na koncu pa smo implementirali metodo prepoznavanja obrazov s pomočjo algoritma Eigenobraz.The thesis presents an overview of the main authentication systems for personal use. At first, we have intruduced the basic concepts of authentication and adressed that there are three main methods of authentication: what one knows, what one is and what one has. We have identified the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and researched which one would be the most suitable for personal use. In particular, we had focused on facial recognition, where we also described the various types of algorithms used by the systems. At the end, we have implemented method for face recognition with the help of algorithm Eigenface

Anti-vimentin, anti-TUFM, anti-NAP1L1 and anti-DPYSL2 nanobodies display cytotoxic effect and reduce glioblastoma cell migration

Background: Glioblastoma is a particularly common and very aggressive primary brain tumour. One of the main causes of therapy failure is the presence of glioblastoma stem cells that are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and that have the potential to form new tumours. This study focuses on validation of eight novel antigens, TRIM28, nucleolin, vimentin, nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1 (NAP1L1), mitochondrial translation elongation factor (EF-TU) (TUFM), dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DPYSL2), collapsin response mediator protein 1 (CRMP1) and Aly/REF export factor (ALYREF), as putative glioblastoma targets, using nanobodies. Methods: Expression of these eight antigens was analysed at the cellular level by qPCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry, and in tissues by immunohistochemistry. The cytotoxic effects of the nanobodies were determined using AlamarBlue and water-soluble tetrazolium tests. Annexin V/propidium iodide tests were used to determine apoptotsis/necrosis of the cells in the presence of the nanobodies. Cell migration assays were performed to determine the effects of the nanobodies on cell migration. Results: NAP1L1 and CRMP1 were significantly overexpressed in glioblastoma stem cells in comparison with astrocytes and glioblastoma cell lines at the mRNA and protein levels. Vimentin, DPYSL2 and ALYREF were overexpressed in glioblastoma cell lines only at the protein level. The functional part of the study examined the cytotoxic effects of the nanobodies on glioblastoma cell lines. Four of the nanobodies were selected in terms of their specificity towards glioblastoma cells and protein overexpression: anti-vimentin (Nb79), anti-NAP1L1 (Nb179), anti-TUFM (Nb225) and anti-DPYSL2 (Nb314). In further experiments to optimise the nanobody treatment schemes, to increase their effects, and to determine their impact on migration of glioblastoma cells, the anti-TUFM nanobody showed large cytotoxic effects on glioblastoma stem cells, while the anti-vimentin, anti-NAP1L1 and anti-DPYSL2 nanobodies were indicated as agents to target mature glioblastoma cells. The anti-vimentin nanobody also had significant effects on migration of mature glioblastoma cells. Conclusion: Nb79 (anti-vimentin), Nb179 (anti-NAP1L1), Nb225 (anti-TUFM) and Nb314 (anti-DPYSL2) nanobodies are indicated for further examination for cell targeting. The anti-TUFM nanobody, Nb225, is particularly potent for inhibition of cell growth after long-term exposure of glioblastoma stem cells, with minor effects seen for astrocytes. The anti-vimentin nanobody represents an agent for inhibition of cell migration

Loss of H3K27me3 expression in canine nerve sheath tumors

Nerve sheath tumors (NSTs) are characterized by neoplastic proliferation of Schwann cells, perineurial cells, endoneurial and/or epineurial fibroblasts. Diagnosis of NST is often challenging, particularly in distinguishing malignant NST (MNST) from other soft tissue sarcomas, or sometimes between low- grade MNST and benign NST. Recent studies in human pathology have demonstrated loss of trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) in a subset of MNSTs using immunohistochemistry. Loss of H3K27me3 expression is rare in other high-grade sarcomas and also appears to be useful in distinguishing benign and low-grade MNSTs from high-grade subsets. In our retrospective study, we performed H3K27me3 immunohistochemistry in 68 canine tumors previously diagnosed as NST. We detected loss of H3K27me3 expression in 25% (n = 17) of all canine NST, including one neurofibroma, whereas 49% (n = 33) of tumors had mosaic loss of expression and 26% (n = 18) retained expression. No statistically significant differences were found between H3K27me3 expression, histopathological features of tumors, and their immunoreactivity for Sox10, claudin-1, GFAP, and Ki67. Because the classification of canine NST is not yet fully established and its correlation with the prognosis and clinical course of the disease is lacking, prospective studies with possible genetic analyses are needed to assess the true diagnostic value of H3K27me3 loss in canine NST

High FREM2 gene and protein expression are associated with favorable prognosis of IDH-WT glioblastomas

World Health Organization grade IV diffuse gliomas, known as glioblastomas, are the most common malignant brain tumors, and they show poor prognosis. Multimodal treatment of surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy is not sufficient to increase patient survival, which is 12 to 18 months after diagnosis. Despite extensive research, patient life expectancy has not significantly improved over the last decade. Previously, we identified FREM2 and SPRY1 as genes with differential expression in glioblastoma cell lines compared to nonmalignant astrocytes. In addition, the FREM2 and SPRY1 proteins show specific localization on the surface of glioblastoma cells. In this study, we explored the roles of the FREM2 and SPRY1 genes and their proteins in glioblastoma pathology using human tissue samples. We used proteomic, transcriptomic, and bioinformatics approaches to detect changes at different molecular levels. We demonstrate increased FREM2 protein expression levels in glioblastomas compared to reference samples. At the transcriptomic level, both FREM2 and SPRY1 show increased expression in tissue samples of different glioma grades compared to nonmalignant brain tissue. To broaden our experimental findings, we analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma patient datasets. We discovered higher FREM2 and SPRY1 gene expression levels in glioblastomas compared to lower grade gliomas and reference samples. In addition, we observed that low FREM2 expression was associated with progression of IDH-mutant low-grade glioma patients. Multivariate analysis showed positive association between FREM2 and favorable prognosis of IDH-wild type glioblastoma. We conclude that FREM2 has an important role in malignant progression of glioblastoma, and we suggest deeper analysis to determine its involvement in glioblastoma pathology